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Antofagasta - ANT

  • Ciudad de Antofagasta - Chile
    Ciudad de Antofagasta - Chile

Antofagasta is a commune and city of the north of Chile. He is capital provincial of the Province of Antofagasta and regional capital of the Region of Antofagasta. The city of Antofagasta is in the South hemisphere of America, to 23°38'39” S of latitude and 70°24'39” Or length, to 1,371, 48 km of Santiago, capital of Chile. It limits the north with Fat Mountain range, Mussels and San Pedro de Atacama, the south with Taltal, to the west with the Pacific Ocean and the east with the $andes Department of Argentina. It is the fifth city more populated with the country (Chile), behind the conurbations of the Great Santiago, the Great Valparaiso, Great Great Conception and the Night love song. Antofagasta is well-known popularly in Chile like the Rep it of the North.

General performances

  • Founded like: The Chimba
  • Foundation: 22 of October of 1868
  • Population: 296,905 inhabitants
  • Surface: 30.718, 1 km ²
  • Densidad: 9.7 Hab/km ²
  • Region: II of Antofagasta
  • Province: Antofagasta
  • Circumscription: II - Antofagasta
  • District: Nº 4
  • Gentilicio: Antofagastino, - na

Tourism

During the past few years, Antofagasta has increased its tourist supply, like a measurement to retain to the tourists who happen through the city, to other localities like San Pedro de Atacama. According to the data collected by the National Institute of Estadísticas (INE) and the National Service of Turismo (SERNATUR) during the first semester of 2006, of a total of 1.249.578 tourists (originating of national or foreign the territory) that circulated around Chile during this period, they did it to 123,643 by the commune of Antofagasta, which is translated in a communal tourist flux peaking of a 31.39% (with respect to the 94,107 tourists of the previous report)

Within attractive the tourist ones is the Natural Monument the Cover, geomorphological sedimentary rock accident and fossil rest that count on a surface of 31.27 have and that owns a coastal cliff that reaches 52 a peak altitude of msnm and that surrounds to the arc of the Cover. It is located to approximately 18 km to the north, by Route CH-1. At the moment a remodeling in the access and its environs is being planned.

Another attractive tourist natural one is the National Reserve the Chimba, that is located approximately to 10 km to the northeast, within the Gorge the Chimba (in the Mountain range of the Coast). This reserve, that counts on a surface of 2,583 has, presents/displays a series of factors that generate microclimates. Fauna species of and flora can be found up to ninety. National Reserve the 13 of 1988 July was declared, by the Supreme Decree Nº 71 of the Ministry of Agriculture.

The Landmark to the Tropic of Capricorn is to only meters of the Airport Brown Hill and is marks the exact position of the Tropic of Capricorn. It is an observatory of the solstice phenomenon. To 75 km to the south of the city Mano of the Desert is located, sculpture created by the Chilean artist Mario Irarrázabal. The National Park Llullaillaco is a property of 268,670 has protected by the Forest National Corporation (CONAF).

One is framed within the commune of Antofagasta, to 275 km of the city of Antofagasta, Is inserted in the Mountain range of The $andes, between 3,000 and 6,700 msnm, where they emphasize Llullaillaco Volcano (6,739 msnm), the Hill of the Pain (5260 msnm) and the Hill Hot Waters (5,060 msnm). In they inhabit vicunas (Vicugna vicugna) and guanacos (It licks guanicoe), being the point of greater population densidad of these species in the region. It is considered within the area protected to the Montano Desert of the Mountain range of Domeyko, to azonales the desert steppe of salares Andean and to the formation of fertile valleys and bofedales. The commune counts on a series of beaches, of which, some have been constructed artificially like a measurement of qualification of the coastal edge. Some of these beaches are: the Municipal Spa, Beach the Trocadero, Beach Paradise, Beach the Huáscar (to 8 km to the south), Yellow Beach (to 11 km to the south), Beach the Rinconada (to 26 km to the north) and Beach Juan Lopez (to 36 km to the north).

Hotel profession

For the reception of the tourists, in Antofagasta approximately 56 places of lodging exist, distributed mainly between hotels, apart hotels, inns, residential, and cabins. These enclosures are distributed throughout the city, although mainly concentrates in the sector center and the south of the city. Within hotel range, one of the oldest enclosures is the Antofagasta Hotel, inaugurated the 29 of November of 1953. At the moment the building is part of the Pan-American hotel chain Hotels.

During half-full of years 1990, multinational hotel chains settled in the city, within which the Radisson can be emphasized Antofagasta Hotel, property of the hotel chain Radisson Hotels & Resorts, and Holiday Inn Express Antofagasta, property of the hotel chain Hotels and Resorts, Holiday Inn Express.

Culture

The House of the Culture of Antofagasta is located in the National Monument corresponding to the ex- Building of Ilustre Municipality of Antofagasta.

In him diverse courses with artistic aims are dictated, besides samples of diverse character and musical encounter. The commune owns three public libraries, administered by the Direction of Libraries, Archives and Museums. These are: the Public Library N° 120, Isaac Maple Ramirez (inaugurated the 9 of May of 1976), the Public Library N° 122, Mario Bahamonde and the Public Library N° 124, Ljubica Domic Wuth. The Municipal Theater of Antofagasta, that was inaugurated the 11 of September of 1981, is administered by the Cultural Corporation of Antofagasta. Count with two you silverplate of a total capacity of 900 people.

It is soothes of the Symphonic Orchestra of Antofagasta. From the 18 of September of 2006 one is closed, on the occasion of the remodeling of the enclosure. Antofagasta counts on two cinematographic events, which do not count on the prestige of their similars in the country, mainly by the new thing of these events. From year 2004, in the dependencies of CineMundo de Antofagasta Shopping the Festival is realised the International of Cinema of Antofagasta. The year the 2006 organization of the event separated, forming the Festival the International of Cinema of the North of Chile, an event of regional character whose she soothes is in Antofagasta.

Museums

Cultural corporation Marries Abaroa.

The Regional Museum of Antofagasta, is located in the National Monuments that correspond to the old Customs of Antofagasta and the old Edficio of the Marine Interior. Dedicated to samples of historical character, he is one of the cultural centers of greater importance of the city. This museum counts on a patrimonial collection of near nine thousand pieces, between archaeological objects, historical and geologic.

Military Historical museum Seventh of Line

It is another important cultural center for the region that owns clothes, arms and elements of the War of the Pacific. The Conception can be visited in the Reinforced regiment N° 20.

The Cultural Corporation Marries Abaroa

It is the more recent historical center and in her are materials of the life of the salitreras offices, like books of acts, helmets, posters and clothing. The Abaroa House was rescued of the demolition, after years of abandonment and was reused like museum of the saltpeter, for charity, thanks to the contribution of private.

The Museum Andres Sabella

Administered by the Cultural Corporation Andres Sabella, it counts on a pinacoteca and iconographic material on poet Andres Sabella. The sample was transferred from the ex- building of the Marine Interior of Antofagasta (that comprises of the Regional Museum of Antofagasta) to its present location in the House of the Culture of Antofagasta.

The Geologic Museum Professor Humberto Fuenzalida Villegas

Administered by the Catholic University of the North, it counts on a collection on paleontology and geology. One is within the dependencies of the same university.

Monuments

The city owns a significant number of monuments, that they register diverse processes of national history.

The Ruins of the Metal Smelting of Huanchaca.

Known like Ruins Huanchaca commonly, they were the structural foundations of the Industrial Establishment White Beach of the Huanchaca Company of Bolivia. Constructed 1892 in the heat of, operation in 1893 entered, realising the activity of amalgamation and refinement of silver minerals. Due to the little beneficial thing from the economic point of view, the company stopped in 1902 its activities. After years at the hands of the State treasury of Chile, year 1964 was transferred to property of the University of the North. The 7 of January of 1974 were declared National Historical Monument.

Nowadays it is property of the Catholic University of the North and is contemplated in a project of recovery on the part of Enjoy Antofagasta.

The Salitrero Wharf Melbourne Company Clark

More well-known like Historical Wharf, was constructed in 1872 with the purpose of to serve like loading platform, although also it served as wharf of passengers. It is historical vestige of great importance, since it is here where the disembarkation of the Chilean troops commanded by colonel Emilio was realised Sotomayor the 14 of February of 1879, event that marked the beginning of the War of the Pacific.

National historical Monument the 12 of 1978 July was declared. At present it is contemplated in a series of projects, between which it emphasizes his use in a gastronomical district. Near the Salitrero Wharf Melbourne Company Clark is the Miraflores Wharf, which belongs at the moment to the Club of Antofagasta Yachts. The Place Jose Francisco Vergara is a registry of the old salitrera activity. Formerly located in the Salitrera Office Jose Francisco Vergara, it was transferred in 1978 to the Campus Colossus of the University of Antofagasta.

In the Place Columbus is the Tower Clock of Antofagasta, donation of the English colony to the city that was inaugurated the 17 of September of 1911 and that National Historical Monument was declared the 18 of April of 1986. The Kiosco of Retreat was inaugurated the 26 of March of 1911 and declared National Historical Monument the 30 of August of 1995).

Festivals

The heterogeneity of the cultural manifestations in Antofagasta, is partly to the contribution given by the colonies of resident immigrants in the city. Annually, the 14 of February the day of Antofagasta is celebrated, with reference to the Chilean disembarkation of Antofagasta, in charge of colonel Emilio Sotomayor. The date partly creates certain confusion of the population, because it is confused with a celebration related to the foundation of the city of Antofagasta.

As much in Antofagasta, as also in Arica, Iquique, Hospicio Stop, Tocopilla and Calama, it is realised annually Eighth of the Celebration of the Tirana (more well-known like the Small Tirana), a celebration of religious character in honor to the Virgin of the Carmen. The celebration folkloric initially was celebrated the 24 of July (eight days after the Celebration of the Tirana), although at the moment the date is movable (considering one or two weeks after the main celebration). Annually the Festival of Foreign Colectivities is celebrated in the city (well-known like the Colonies), a sample of gastronomy and dance that reunites to the residents of the foreign colectivities.

The first event was realised the 29 of October of 1983 and reunited to the originating residents of Yugoslavia, Spain, Greece, Germany, Bolivia, Italy and China, besides the Chile host.

 

Toponymy

At present a series of theories is handled to explain the origin of the Antofagasta place-name. Not yet a clear consensus with respect to the true origin of the word is obtained. Probably is word compound that the southern diaguita or kakán comes from “anto” (or hattun, that means great), “faya” (or has, that means to salar) and “it spends” (that means town), being a place-name that means “Town of the Great Salar”. According to another theory, it can be a compound word that comes from quechua “anta” (that copper means) and “pakay” (that means hide-and-seek), being a place-name that means “Copper Hiding place”.

To another it relates it theory to chango “Antofagasti” (that means Door of the Sun), forms in which the changos called to the present Natural Monument the Cover. It is said that the Antofagasta name must to a decision of Manuel Mariano Melgarejo, that renombró the city in honor to a stay that it owned in Antofagasta of the Mountain range, near year 1870.

History

According to archaeological registries, Antofagasta was inhabited in first instance by the changos, marine collectors. The city of Antofagasta, although it was founded by the Bolivian government on 1868, already was previously populated as port of debarkation and as a place of refuge and rest on the Bolivian coast for the Chilean explorers.

In spite of this, the foundation is something that not yet has been established and accepted officially. Estatuario monument to Juan Lopez. Estatuario monument to Juan Lopez. Previously to the poblamiento of the place, Juan Lopez, who is considered the first inhabitant of the city, settled in the sector of White Rock, today known like the Chimba, where the mineral extraction began of precarious way. The 10 of August of 1866 a Treaty of limits between Bolivia and Chile was signed, adding in addition an additional act the 25 to August.

In this document one settled down like limit enters countries, parallel 24 of South latitude both. Despite the stipulated territorial division, both governments were committed to distribute by half originating products of the operation of the deposits of guano shortages in Mussels and of the other deposits of the same installment to discover in the territory between degrees 23 and 25 of southern latitude, as well as the perceived rights of export on minerals extracted in the same territory already mentioned. Of Francisco and 1866 Jose, the 18 September Holy Ossa Puelma obtained the legal awarding of the salitrales land concession, after a request sent to the Bolivian government.

After an expedition led by Jose Holy Ossa, Alfredo Ossa and Hermenegildo (that were the guide), the cateador Juan Zuleta discovered rich deposits of saltpeter (nitrate) in the sector of Salar of the Carmen, to the east of the present Antofagasta. After the finding, Jose Holy Ossa, Francisco Puelma and Manuel Antonio de Lama decided to form an Exploratory Society of the Desert of Atacama.

The 19 of March of 1868 the Melbourne Company was constituted Clark, after the integration of Chilean and English interests. Later the company obtained the 5 of September of 1868, an extension of the concession granted by the Bolivian government, this time by 15 years.

After the conformation of the company, it quickly began to fill what the Chimba was denominated, in November of 1866. Official plane of the new population and port of Antofagasta, by Jose Holy Prada. Official plane of the new population and port of Antofagasta, by Jose Holy Prada. After the earthquake of Iquique and Cobija of the 13 of August of 1868, it was necessary to recognize the Chimba like a mining town legally.

The 27 of August of 1868, the President of Bolivia Manuel Mariano Melgarejo ordered to the prefect of the Department of the Coast, the official foundation of the Chimba, in the sector delimited by Hilario commissioners the Holy Ruizes and Jose Prada. Thus, the 22 of October of 1868 officially were based the population and the port under the name of the Chimba. Later the city was famous like Antofagasta.

The first official plane of the population and port of Antofagasta was designed by Jose Holy Prada, the 14 of 3 September of 1869 []. In this document, the land of the Melbourne Company was delimited Clark, besides 17 apples and one main place.

The 8 of May of 1871, Antofagasta was designated Greater Port, abierto to the commerce worldwide. The 25 of January of 1872, after a session directed by Subprefecto of the Department of Mussels Manuel Buitrago, the Municipality of Antofagasta according to the Bolivian law of Municipalities was based, where it was satisfied the Body of Municipal Agents (later famous like Municipal Meeting of Antofagasta), integrated by two Germans, English and six Chileans.

Felix Garci'a Videla assumed like President of the Body of Municipal Agents, which was made up of munícipes Francisco Errázuriz, Brown, Rescuing Emeterio Kings, Red Matías, Juan Vargas, Luis Lichenstein, Ernesto Wolchmar and Luis Foster.

In addition like measurement before the uncontrol to the population, the Police Headquarters was satisfied that was commanded by Domingo Machado, which was in charge to regulate to the Body of Guardians of the Guard of Order and Security.

After which Manuel Mariano Melgarejo was overthrown by Agustín Morals the 15 of January of 1871, the Treaty of 1866 limits was put in check by the government of Bolivia, not being recognized by this part, because the division of taxes was disadvantageous to the Bolivians. This conflict was solved later with the Treaty of limits of 1874 between Bolivia and Chile.

Within his more important points it was not burdening during 25 years the Chilean properties. Bolivia reacted delayed to the privileges that the same government granted to the industralists in bordering treaties. Thus, the Constituent Assembly of Bolivia arrived at the resolution to create a tax of 10 cents on exported quintal of Bolivian territory, decision that affected the interests of the Company of Saltpeters and Railroads of Antofagasta.

The decision of the assembly was translated directly like a violation to article IV of the Treaty of 1874: The conflict began to tense itself, because no of the parts wanted to yield: neither Bolivia wanted to clear the tax, nor Chile to stop protesting by him.

Chile threatened declaring null bordering treaties of 1866 and 1874 if Bolivia applied the tax. Therefore, Chile noticed that it would vindicate for himself the zone between the parallels 23 and 24 that protested before the treaty as his and whose rights had yielded to Bolivia on condition that of the clauses that were being violated.

After which Hilarión Daza threatened to Chile the confiscation and finishes off of the facilities of the Company of Saltpeters and Railroads of Antofagasta if the created tax were not pleased (besides threatening the term of the other concessions), the Chilean government reacted making weigh anchor to the Whitewashed White Armored one from the port of Valparaiso, the December of 1878. The Bolivian government interpreted like a provocation that the Whitewashed White Armored one dawned in the road of Antofagasta the 26 of December of the same year.

The conflict worsened when the Bolivian government decided to finish off the Company of Saltpeters and Railroads of Antofagasta, which refused to pay the tax. The closing of the company was programmed for the 14 of February of 1879. In answer, Chile decided to maintain cast anchor to the Whitewashed White Armored one in the port of Antofagasta. The morning of the 11 of February of 1879, Chilean president Aníbal Pinto in meeting next to its cabinet, made the decision to go to the war.

The reception of the telegram sent by the plenipotentiary minister of Bolivia, with the message “Cancellation of the February law, vindication of the salitreras of the company” trigger the Pinto decision of, who ordered the shipment of Armored Admiral Cochrane and the Corvette Or '' Higgins course towards Antofagasta, making occupation of this city next to the Whitewashed White Armored one. Wharf of the Company of Saltpeters and Railroads of Antofagasta. Wharf of the Company of Saltpeters and Railroads of Antofagasta. This operation carried out the 14 of February of 1879, when Antofagasta was occupied by Chile, as a result of the disembarkation of Chilean troops in Antofagasta in charge of colonel Emilio Sotomayor. This event is translated like the first Chilean military action of the conflict known like War of the Pacific, because with the occupation they occurred beginning to the combat operations of all the war.

The 26 of May of 1879 the First naval action of Antofagasta from the Huáscar Monitor was carried out, while the Chilean troops paid tribute to the lieutenant commander Carlos Condell. The Second naval action of Antofagasta was carried out three days later. Later the Pact of truce between Bolivia and Chile of 1884 was signed, which established that the territory between the Loa river and parallel 23 would be under the administration of Chile, whereas to Bolivia the access would be allowed him the ports of Arica and Antofagasta. Nevertheless, both treaties left subjects pending that were clarified in two later treaties, the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Chile and Bolivia in 1904 and Dealt about Lima of 1929 with Peru.

The Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Chile and Bolivia, subscribed the 20 of October of 1904 and promulgated the 21 of March of 1905, established to perpetuity the borders between Chile and Bolivia. The territory of Antofagasta was definitively within the Chilean borders but in return Chile was committed to construct a railroad that united the cities of Arica and La Paz, and granted to Bolivia the free transit of commerce through Chilean territory. In this way, Bolivia definitively recognized the permanent Chilean sovereignty on the territory previously in dispute.

Nevertheless, this treaty has been origin diplomatic voltage plateau between both countries during century XX and beginnings of the 21st century, because Bolivia lost all sovereignty on the Pacific Ocean.

The alluvium of Antofagasta, registered from the 18 of June of 1991, devastated with great part the city, undermining lands, damaging 2,464 houses and destroying 493 constructions, all this causing material damages that in the occasion calculated approximately in USD$ 70.000.000. The catastrophe left a balance of 92 deads, 16 disappeared and approximately 20,000 victims.

Four years later, at dawn of the 30 of 1995 July, an earthquake of 7,3 in the Scale of Richter and with an intensity enters VII VIII the Scale of Mercalli was registered in the city. The hurt dead event approximately left a one hundred and three balance fatal, and structural damages that were slight for the magnitude of the event.

Geography

The city is located in the South hemisphere of America, to 23°38 '' 39 S of latitude and 70°24 '' 39 Or length, with 40 an average elevation of msnm. It limits the south with Taltal, the north with Fat Mountain range, Mussels and San Pedro de Atacama, to the west with the Pacific Ocean and the east with the $andes Department of Argentina. The North limit of the commune crosses a series of landmarks, being remarkable (of the west to this) End Lizards, Black Hill, Valenzuela Hill, Carrasco Hill, Yellow Hill, Hill Buffalo, Hill Mastodon, Hill Butterflies, Hill Hillocks, Pingo Hill, Pajonales Hill and finally a part of Pampas Pumice stone. In the South limit Two Kings emphasize End, Paranal Hill, High Twig Hill, Hill Guanaco, Black Hill of the Tolar, Hill End of the Wind, Hill Barytas, Hill Long Ends, Hill San Rosendo and the Hill Two Brothers.

He was declared like a commune partially in border zone the 20 of 1999 July, by the Supreme Decree Nº 1,166 of the Ministry of Outer Relations.

The urban area of Antofagasta is located in coastal plains, to the south of the Peninsula of Mussels and to the Hill north Colossus. The Tropic of Capricorn agrees in the North sector of the city, outside the urban radius, where the Airport is located Brown Hill. Therefore the 21 of December of 2000 the Landmark to the Tropic of Capricorn was inaugurated. It owns little vegetation to be inserted within the Desert of Atacama, which is the most barren desert of the world.

Climatology

The commune of Antofagasta presents/displays a climatic variety of four types (present in all the Region of Antofagasta), which varies according to the altitude. In coastal plains (where the city is located) is a desert climate with abundant storm clouds (BWn).

After the Mountain range of the Coast, is a warm barren climate (BWh), with an annual average temperature that exceeds the 18 °C. In the sector of the Mountain range of Domeyko is cold a desert climate (BWk), with an annual average temperature that does not exceed the 18 °C.

Finally in the most internal sector, previous to the Mountain range of the $andes, we found a cold climate of tundra by height (ETH). The annual average temperature is of 16.4 °C, the monthly minimum temperature is of 13 °C and 20 the monthly maximum temperature is of °C. The noticeable the water dryness and shortage are regulated by the Current of Humboldt, which is translated most of in smooth and stable temperatures during the year, besides abundant humidity and known morning fogs like camanchaca. The anticyclone of the Pacific generates winds from the south and the southwest.

Geomorphology

Antofagasta is on rocky, hard and resistant grounds. On this layer one half is a dense sand ground and rocky fragments of so large. The city owns an irregular geomorphology by the steep hill presence that are part of Mountain range of the Coast in their edge of the east, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. The formation of the rocky bulk causes that the slope is steep. The coastal edge of the city owns volcanic sediments, in contrast to the constitution of fine sand hills. It emphasizes in the sea a rocky formation called the Cover of Antofagasta. They exist around fifteen broken ones that presents/displays holes with sand accumulations and burdens. Within the holes of greater amplitude they are the Hole the Chimba, Hole Snails, Hole the Chain, Hole the Black and Hole the Way.

These holes and their respective gorges, besides the Gorge without name, Broken Baquedano, Broken the Toro, Broken the Reed and Broken Gardens of the south, which were the people in charge of the floodings product of the 1991 alluvium.

Hydrography

The presence of the anticyclone of the Pacific brings about a noticeable precipitation absence. The annual precipitation average is of only 4 mm, which take place generally in the months of June, July and August. Of very special way the precipitations can extend until the months of November and December, as a result of the phenomenon of the altiplánico winter. Within the hydrographic resources of the commune, we found salares, between which they stand out the Salar de Pajonales, the Salar the Dead Sea, the Salar Black End and the Salar de Christmas.

Demography

According to the data collected in the Census applied by the National Institute of Estadísticas (INE), the commune owns a population of 296,905 inhabitants distributed in a surface of 30,718 km ², of which 143,685 are women and 153,220 are men. The percentage of intercensal variation between 1992 and 2002 is of a 30.00%. Antofagasta welcomes in 60.10% of the total population of the region. A 0.37% (1,113 inhabitants) correspond to rural population and a 99.63% (295,792 inhabitants) to urban population.

According to estimations of the NSI, the 2005 commune increased her population to 335,672 inhabitants. An important percentage of resident colonies exists, being the most numerous Croatian, the Greek, the Chinese, the Taiwanese, Italian and the Bolivian.

Administration

The commune of Antofagasta belongs to 2ª circumscription (II - Antofagasta), which is represented in the Senate by senators Carlos Cantero (RN) and José Antonio Gómez (PRSD). Of equal way, the commune is part of the district number 4, which is represented in the House of Representatives of the National Congress by deputies Manuel Rojas (UDI) and Pedro Araya (PDC).

Of specific way, the administration of the commune of Antofagasta falls on Ilustre Municipality of Antofagasta, independent corporation of public right, with legal personality and own patrimony. The maximum authority of this municipality is the mayor Daniel Adaro.

The mayor counts on the consultant's office of an Economic and Social Advice of consultative character, besides a Municipal Council, made up of the councilmen Félix Acori (RN), Robert Araya (UDI), Gonzalo Santolaya (UDI), Gonzalo Dantagnan (PDC), Rubén Gajardo (PDC), Simunovic Marks (PPD), Hernán Vargas (PS) and Augusto Montenegro (PS).

Economy

Historically, as much the region as the commune has had an economy based on the industrial production and the mineral operation. In the first years, the search of guaneras and copper deposits were the main attraction. Later, the discovery of saltpeter deposits and its great value at world-wide level, made of Antofagasta an interest place.

After the fall of the salitrera industry, that was triggered with the discovery of the synthetic saltpeter, the country entered a deep economic depression. At the moment, the copper has become the main mineral of the region.

Between its more important mining companies they are the Company Minera de White Mantos (it receives), SQM (lithium borates and carbonate), Mining Company Zaldivar (it receives), Hidden Miner (receives) and Atacama Minerals (saltpeter), among others [9]. To 20 km to the interior of the urban zone is the Enterprise City the Black, a complex of approximately 2,400 hectares.

In her one is refinery Noranda the copper and plant Inacesa the cement. Within the urban radius, the operations centers of multiple companies are inserted within the Industrial District, mainly throughout the Pedro Avenue Aguirre Bristle. Casino & Resort Enjoy Antofagasta, after the confirmation of the 14 of July of 2006 on the part of the Supervision of Casinos of Game of Chile, the casino license was adjudged. The project of 23,420 ms ², in charge of the group A.M. Corp, projects the construction of a casino of 2,300 ms ², a hotel five stars, a convention center of 960 ms ², spa, four restaurants, three bars, three cafeterias, theaters, a zone of infantile entertainment and a discotheque, besides 264 parking.

Additionally, the project plans the recovery of the Ruins of the Metal Smelting of Huanchaca, under the creation of a Cultural Park Ruins of Huanchaca, made up of a mining museum, an astronomical museum and an archaeological museum, besides an amphitheatre for 300 spectators.

Commerce

Pedestrian stroll Arthur Prat, axis of the main commercial zone of the city. Pedestrian stroll Arthur Prat, axis of the main commercial zone of the city. Until half-full of years 1990, approximately, the commercial nucleus of the city mainly was concentrate in the heart of the city, distributing itself throughout the Pedestrian Stroll Arthur Prat and of the Pedestrian Stroll Manuel Antonio Matta, besides some bordering streets. The sector essentially was made up of local or national stores of low profile in the market. With the creation of new projects, in order to generate new poles of development it citizenship and thus to decentralize the city, like also with the arrival of originating investments from other cities, the antofagastino commerce increased its demand.

It is in the middle of years 1990, when just the first branches of the most important chains of department store began to settle in the city of the country. The recent communitarian equipment for the North sector of the city, essentially in the periphery of the Place Bicentennial of the Republic, decentralized the commerce.

In addition, the inauguration of Mall Antofagasta Place, the 15 of September of 2006, allowed that downtown extended towards the coastal edge, qualifying more spaces for the family and the recreation. This commercial, inserted center within the improvement of the Central Costanera, is first of this type of enclosures that was qualified in the city.

Another commercial nucleus is the Place Emilio Sotomayor, who concentrates a group of small craftsmen of the city. In this same place is the Municipal Market, place of food sale and flowers, where a small amount of restaurants is concentrated, whose specialty is the marine products. In addition the place is a point of contact of cultural activities and a source of work for many families.

Education

In the last decade, Antofagasta has undergone a strong growth as far as educational supplies, due to the increasing demand on the part of the population. Until year 2005, the commune of Antofagasta counted on fifty and two establishments of municipal education. In addition, Antofagasta is the first city of Chile that counts on a municipal school working within a military enclosure: the Equipment recovery center of Studies Integrated to the Military training, located to the interior of the Reinforced regiment N°20 “the Conception”.

Universities

The 1 of October of 1956 began the construction of the University of the North (today Catholic University of the North), thanks to the endorsement of the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaiso. The 9 of October of the same year began the managements for the creation of the University Center North, dependent Zone of the University of Chile. Thus, the 29 of May and the 28 of June of 1957 were respectively inaugurated the University of the North and the University Center North Zone. The 24 of October of 1968 Sede Antofagasta of the University of Chile was inaugurated, after an agreement of university reform (approved the 3 of October of 1968) that meant the autonomy of the University Center North Zone. By the end of years 90 just they appeared the first universities deprived in the city.

  • Traditional universities
  • University of Antofagasta
  • Catholic university of the North
  • University Arthur Prat
  • University of the Lagos private Universities
  • Central university
  • University of the Sea
  • University the Republic
  • University Santo Tomás

Professional institutes

  • AIEP
  • Inacap
  • Professional institute Santo Tomás
  • Professional institute of the Central Valley

Centers of technical formation

  • Esane of the North
  • Center of Technical Formation CEFONOR
  • Center of Qualification in Health
  • Center of Technical Formation Santo Tomás

Transport

Antofagasta presents/displays connection with the rest of the country by means of aerial, marine and terrestrial transport.

Aerial transport

At present, the Airport Brown Hill corresponds to the unique aerial terminal of Antofagasta and is located in Brown Hill, to the north of the city. This enclosure, in spite of being described like Airport the Regular International, only operates like terminal of passengers and terminal of load for domestic flights. In addition it is the operations center of the Vª Aerial Brigade of the Air Force of Chile (FACH). Previously the city counted on the facilities of the Aerodrome the Chimba, an aerial terminal that was inaugurated the 11 of October of 1941 to lodge the flights of the National Air line, present LAN Chile.

After the extension of the then Aerodrome Brown Hill, in 1946, the Aerodrome the Chimba happened to shelter of exclusive way the civil pilots of the city. Finally, the Main directorate of Civil Aeronautics of Chile allowed its operation until the 11 of October of 2001 after the change of the ground use on the part of the Ministry of National Goods.

Marine transport

Costanera and port of Antofagasta (Terminal Antofagasta the International). Costanera and port of Antofagasta (Terminal Antofagasta the International). Antofagasta counts on a harbor complex of seven sites of dockage, with conditions for operating a production of 5.000.000 load t. The Port of Antofagasta was inaugurated by president Carlos Ibáñez of the Field the 14 of February of 1943. The 6 of October of 1960 east fiscal port happened at the hands of the Portuaria Company of Chile (EMPORCHI), being administered from the 1 of July of 1998 by the Company Portuaria Antofagasta (EPA).

The 1 of March of 2003, four sites of dockage of the wharf of Antofagasta were concesionados to Terminal the Antofagasta company the International, reason why at present, the city counts on a port of multioperations (sites 1, 2 and 3) and a port of monooperations private (sites 4, 5, 6 and 7). The harbor complex owns a connection to the Railroad from Antofagasta to Bolivia (FCAB). Besides being a commerce port, he is member of the Association of Ports of Cruises of the South Cone, reason why it is tourist port. In the Creek sector Colossus is at the moment the Soft Marine Terminal Mechanized Creek Colossus (property of Hidden Miner).

Terrestrial transport

The public transport of Antofagasta is based on the service offered by collective taxis and minibuses. The greater transport is made up of thirteen lines of minibuses, that correspond to buses with a capacity smaller to thirty people. This public transport service is within a licitation and is known like TransAntofagasta.

This plan of public transport began to govern of official way the 28 of November of 2005, in replacement of the old service of minibuses. The new plan, that contemplates the update and improves of the transport service of passengers, includes the creation of exclusive routes, renovation of señaletica, repavimentación of some centric streets, changes in the routes, and the homogenization of the tariffs and the design of the minibuses, whose number of route changed, for example, of “12” to “112”.

The smaller transport is constituted by lines of collective taxis, that correspond to automobiles sedán of black color which they realise his route by the urban zone through fixed routes. The transit to carry is concentrate in winch the main avenues of the city, due to the extended conformation and narrows of the urban zone.

The unique continuous axis that crosses to the city of north to the south corresponds popularly to the well-known coastal set like Costanera Avenue, which is conformed by Avenue Jaime Guzmán, Avenue Army, Avenue Republic of the Croatia, Greece Avenue, Avenue Jose Manuel Balmaceda, Avenue Aníbal Pinto, Avenue 7º of Line and Edmundo Avenue Perez Zujovic; these avenues allow to the access to places like Mall Antofagasta Place, the Campus Colossus of the University of Antofagasta or the consistorial Building of Ilustre Municipality of Antofagasta, among others. Part of the South sector communicates of direct way with the sector center by means of Argentina Avenue, that allows the access to places like the Regional Clinical Hospital of Antofagasta Dr. Leonardo Guzman, besides being the unique one access road of high traffic for the Coviefi population.

The centric set of General Avenue Jose Miguel Race and Bernardine Liberating Avenue Or '' Higgins (well-known popularly as Brazil Avenue) gives access to a sector where pubs and restaurants are concentrated, and that joins with Angamos Avenue, allowing the access to the Regional Stage of Antofagasta and the Central House of the Catholic University of the North, among others enclosures.

Other axes you will carry important are: Iquique avenue, Pedro Avenue Aguirre Bristle, Great Avenue Radomiro Tomic, Avenue Antonio Rendic, Avenue Stolen Alberto Father, Avenue Andres Sabella and Avenida Cardinal Carlos Oviedo. The city tells on a system of 49 connected traffic lights the Centralized System of Area of Antofagasta Transit, a set of three networks monitored by means of computers (network Center, network Balmaceda and network Angamos), that the variation of flows allows you will carry.

In addition, six intersections count in line on cameras. The city is connected towards the north of the country by the Route CH-1, that in addition allows to the access to the Airport Brown Hill and the Natural Monument the Cover. As much the North access that it is a continuation of the Avenue Rescuing Beyond and that is connected with Route CH-26 between Broken the Snails, like the South access that corresponds to the Avenue of the Mining and that connects with Route CH-28 between the Gorge the Black, they serve to arrive at the Route CH-5, that it connects to the city of indirect way with the rest of the country and that comprises of the Pan-American Highway. The commune communicates with Argentina by means of the Socompa Step (located to 3,875 msnm), to which it is possible to be acceded by means of the one of the B-55 Route.

Mass media

Antofagasta has counted with a series of local mass media, which disappeared with time. Recently in years 1990 new means resurged. The unique local newspapers in circulation are Mercury of Antofagasta and the Star of the North, both property of the Company Periodística El Norte S.A. (filial of Mercury Journalistic Joint-stock company). The 16 of December of 1906, Mercury was based, that in 1926 happened definitively to denominate Mercury of Antofagasta. The 2 of May of 1966 are born the Star from the North.

According to the Association of Broadcasters of Chile (ARCHI) [13], exists 13 radio transmitters that they transmit from the commune of Antofagasta. It enters these is possible to be emphasized to the radios of the average Partnership of Channel (FM Extra, Center FM and Channel 95) and to 95 Radio Carnival. Antofagasta tells on two regional networks that they comprise of two of the greater television networks of Chile: National television of Chile and Canal 13, that offer local programming and publicity in the national disconnections.

The unique television channels that they transmit from the city are VLP Television, Digitalis Chanel and Antofagasta TV, although they only are available by means of television by cable (except Antofagasta TV, that also owns an open signal).

TODOS LOS PRECIOS, HORARIOS, ITINERARIOS, ALOJAMIENTOS Y OTROS MENCIONADOS EN LOS PROGRAMAS ESTAN SUJETOS A CUALQUIER CAMBIO SIN PREVIO AVISO. LOS PROGRAMAS SON FLEXIBLES Y ADAPTABLES DE ACUERDO A SU NECESIDAD.

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